![]() ![]() They include the primary chronic glomerulonephritis (IgA nephropathy), secondary chronic renal injury (diabetic nephropathy) and the chronic renal failure (end-stage kidney disease with and without undergoing replacement therapies). Chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) are a major challenge to public health. Metabolomics offers the potential for a holistic approach to clinical medicine while improving disease diagnosis and our understanding of the pathological mechanisms. Either individually or grouped as a metabolomic profile, the detection of metabolites is carried out in cells, tissues, or bio-fluids by different analytical approaches. Metabolomics, as an omics science in systems biology, is the global unbiased analysis of all the endogenous small-molecule metabolites within a biological system under a given set of conditions. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in mean homocysteine levels between the control and the severe atheromatosis groups (p 70% yet, whether elevated plasma homocysteine worsens atherosclerosis or is a consequence remains to be established. METHODS: Twenty subjects with no coronary atheromatosis (controls), fourteen subjects with mild/moderate atheromatosis, and twenty-nine subjects with severe atheromatosis were evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To determine plasma homocysteine levels and the incidence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism in a group of subjects who underwent coronary angiography, in an attempt to establish a correlation between these parameters and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), as well as investigate the correlation between hyperhomocysteinemia and the presence of polymorphism. In this chapter, we present a brief review of MI pathophysiology followed by an updated discussion of the most relevant discoveries regarding ET and MI in basic science. Therefore, exercise prescription can be optimized, individualized, and safely practiced by patients. Thus, experimental studies are important contributors to elicit mechanisms behind clinical results, and to test and compare different ET protocols. ET after MI follows international specialized guidelines however, there are different protocols adopted by several societies worldwide in cardiac rehabilitation, and there is still lack of information on which type and regimen of exercise may be the ideal after MI, as well as how these exercises act to promote beneficial effects to cardiovascular and other organic systems. There is increasing evidence confirming that, when adequately prescribed and supervised, ET after MI can prevent future complications and increase the quality of life and longevity of infarcted patients. For many years, it was recommended to avoid physical activity after a cardiovascular event nowadays, it is a consensus that exercise training (ET) should be part of cardiac rehabilitation programs. ![]() Sedentarism highly contributes to cardiovascular disease burden, especially for coronary artery disease, and is also one of the MI risk factors. Moreover, among cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease accounts for the most increased index of life years lost due to morbidity and/or mortality. In approximately 20% of infarcted patients, MI is recurrent in the first year after the event. Coronary artery disease, which is the most important precursor of myocardial infarction (MI), is the main component of total cardiovascular mortality, being responsible for approximately seven million of deaths. ![]() In 2016, cardiovascular disease remains the first cause of mortality worldwide.
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